Python Lambda 함수: 실용적인 예제로 배우는 명확한 가이드

# Regular function
def double(x):
    return x * 2
 
print(double(5))
# 10
 
# Lambda equivalent
double_lambda = lambda x: x * 2
 
print(double_lambda(5))
# 10

lambda arguments: expression

# No arguments
greet = lambda: "Hello, world!"
print(greet())
# Hello, world!
 
# One argument
square = lambda x: x ** 2
print(square(9))
# 81
 
# Two arguments
add = lambda a, b: a + b
print(add(3, 7))
# 10
 
# Default argument
power = lambda base, exp=2: base ** exp
print(power(3))
# 9
print(power(3, 3))
# 27

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 
# Square each number
squared = list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, numbers))
print(squared)
# [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
 
# Convert temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit
celsius = [0, 20, 37, 100]
fahrenheit = list(map(lambda c: round(c * 9/5 + 32, 1), celsius))
print(fahrenheit)
# [32.0, 68.0, 98.6, 212.0]
 
# Extract first names from full names
names = ["Ada Lovelace", "Grace Hopper", "Alan Turing"]
first_names = list(map(lambda name: name.split()[0], names))
print(first_names)
# ['Ada', 'Grace', 'Alan']

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
 
# Keep only even numbers
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
print(evens)
# [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
 
# Keep strings longer than 4 characters
words = ["cat", "elephant", "dog", "butterfly", "ant"]
long_words = list(filter(lambda w: len(w) > 4, words))
print(long_words)
# ['elephant', 'butterfly']
 
# Filter out None values
data = [1, None, 3, None, 5, None, 7]
clean = list(filter(lambda x: x is not None, data))
print(clean)
# [1, 3, 5, 7]

# Sort strings by length
fruits = ["banana", "kiwi", "strawberry", "fig", "apple"]
by_length = sorted(fruits, key=lambda s: len(s))
print(by_length)
# ['fig', 'kiwi', 'apple', 'banana', 'strawberry']
 
# Sort tuples by the second element
pairs = [(1, 'b'), (3, 'a'), (2, 'c')]
by_second = sorted(pairs, key=lambda pair: pair[1])
print(by_second)
# [(3, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c')]
 
# Sort dictionaries by a specific key
students = [
    {"name": "Alice", "grade": 88},
    {"name": "Bob", "grade": 95},
    {"name": "Charlie", "grade": 72},
]
by_grade = sorted(students, key=lambda s: s["grade"], reverse=True)
for s in by_grade:
    print(f"{s['name']}: {s['grade']}")
# Bob: 95
# Alice: 88
# Charlie: 72

employees = [
    {"name": "Alice", "dept": "Engineering", "salary": 95000},
    {"name": "Bob", "dept": "Marketing", "salary": 72000},
    {"name": "Charlie", "dept": "Engineering", "salary": 88000},
    {"name": "Diana", "dept": "Marketing", "salary": 85000},
]
 
# Sort by department (ascending), then by salary (descending)
sorted_emp = sorted(employees, key=lambda e: (e["dept"], -e["salary"]))
for e in sorted_emp:
    print(f"{e['dept']:12s} {e['name']:8s} ${e['salary']:,}")
# Engineering  Alice    $95,000
# Engineering  Charlie  $88,000
# Marketing    Diana    $85,000
# Marketing    Bob      $72,000

from functools import reduce
 
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 
# Product of all numbers
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, numbers)
print(product)
# 120
 
# Find the maximum value (for demonstration; use max() in practice)
largest = reduce(lambda a, b: a if a > b else b, numbers)
print(largest)
# 5
 
# Concatenate a list of strings
words = ["Python", " ", "lambda", " ", "functions"]
sentence = reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, words)
print(sentence)
# Python lambda functions
 
# Flatten a list of lists
nested = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
flat = reduce(lambda acc, lst: acc + lst, nested)
print(flat)
# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

# Three arguments
volume = lambda l, w, h: l * w * h
print(volume(3, 4, 5))
# 60
 
# Using *args for variable arguments
sum_all = lambda *args: sum(args)
print(sum_all(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
# 15
 
# Using **kwargs
build_greeting = lambda **kwargs: f"Hello, {kwargs.get('name', 'stranger')}!"
print(build_greeting(name="Alice"))
# Hello, Alice!
print(build_greeting())
# Hello, stranger!
 
# Conditional expression inside lambda
classify = lambda x: "positive" if x > 0 else ("zero" if x == 0 else "negative")
print(classify(5))
# positive
print(classify(0))
# zero
print(classify(-3))
# negative

# Sort a dictionary by value
scores = {"Alice": 88, "Bob": 95, "Charlie": 72, "Diana": 91}
sorted_scores = dict(sorted(scores.items(), key=lambda item: item[1], reverse=True))
print(sorted_scores)
# {'Bob': 95, 'Diana': 91, 'Alice': 88, 'Charlie': 72}
 
# Apply a transformation to all dictionary values
prices = {"apple": 1.20, "banana": 0.50, "cherry": 2.00}
discounted = {k: round(v * 0.9, 2) for k, v in prices.items()}
print(discounted)
# {'apple': 1.08, 'banana': 0.45, 'cherry': 1.8}
 
# Group items using a lambda as a key function
from itertools import groupby
 
data = ["apple", "avocado", "banana", "blueberry", "cherry", "cranberry"]
data_sorted = sorted(data, key=lambda x: x[0])
 
for letter, group in groupby(data_sorted, key=lambda x: x[0]):
    print(f"{letter}: {list(group)}")
# a: ['apple', 'avocado']
# b: ['banana', 'blueberry']
# c: ['cherry', 'cranberry']

import pandas as pd
 
df = pd.DataFrame({
    "name": ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie", "Diana"],
    "score": [88, 95, 72, 91],
    "department": ["Engineering", "Marketing", "Engineering", "Marketing"]
})
 
# Add a new column with a grade label
df["grade"] = df["score"].apply(lambda x: "A" if x >= 90 else ("B" if x >= 80 else "C"))
print(df)
#       name  score   department grade
# 0    Alice     88  Engineering     B
# 1      Bob     95    Marketing     A
# 2  Charlie     72  Engineering     C
# 3    Diana     91    Marketing     A

import pandas as pd
 
df = pd.DataFrame({
    "product": ["Widget A", "Widget B", "Widget C"],
    "price": ["$29.99", "$9.50", "$149.00"]
})
 
# Sort by numeric price value (strip the $ sign first)
df_sorted = df.sort_values("price", key=lambda col: col.str.replace("$", "", regex=False).astype(float))
print(df_sorted)
#     product    price
# 1  Widget B    $9.50
# 0  Widget A   $29.99
# 2  Widget C  $149.00

import pandas as pd
 
df = pd.DataFrame({
    "first_name": ["Ada", "Grace", "Alan"],
    "last_name": ["Lovelace", "Hopper", "Turing"],
    "birth_year": [1815, 1906, 1912]
})
 
# Create a full name column
df["full_name"] = df.apply(lambda row: f"{row['first_name']} {row['last_name']}", axis=1)
 
# Calculate age (approximate, as of 2026)
df["approx_age"] = df["birth_year"].apply(lambda y: 2026 - y)
 
print(df)
#   first_name last_name  birth_year       full_name  approx_age
# 0        Ada  Lovelace        1815  Ada Lovelace          211
# 1      Grace    Hopper        1906  Grace Hopper          120
# 2       Alan    Turing        1912    Alan Turing          114

# 1. Default factory for collections.defaultdict
from collections import defaultdict
 
word_count = defaultdict(lambda: 0)
for word in ["apple", "banana", "apple", "cherry", "banana", "apple"]:
    word_count[word] += 1
print(dict(word_count))
# {'apple': 3, 'banana': 2, 'cherry': 1}
 
# 2. Immediate invocation (IIFE - Immediately Invoked Function Expression)
result = (lambda x, y: x + y)(3, 4)
print(result)
# 7
 
# 3. Lambda as a callback in GUI or event-driven code
# button.on_click(lambda event: print(f"Clicked at {event.x}, {event.y}"))
 
# 4. Using lambda with min/max for custom comparisons
products = [
    ("Laptop", 999),
    ("Mouse", 25),
    ("Keyboard", 75),
    ("Monitor", 450),
]
cheapest = min(products, key=lambda p: p[1])
print(cheapest)
# ('Mouse', 25)
 
# 5. Lambda with conditional expression for data cleaning
clean = lambda s: s.strip().lower() if isinstance(s, str) else s
print(clean("  Hello World  "))
# hello world
print(clean(42))
# 42

# Bad -- hard to read
process = lambda x: x.strip().lower().replace(" ", "_") if isinstance(x, str) and len(x) > 0 else "empty"
 
# Good -- clear and testable
def process(x):
    """Normalize a string to a snake_case identifier."""
    if not isinstance(x, str) or len(x) == 0:
        return "empty"
    return x.strip().lower().replace(" ", "_")
 
print(process("  Hello World  "))
# hello_world